10 LED Patterns With Arduino

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Introduction

LED patterns are the "Hello World" of the electronics world, but they are also the best way to master Arduino programming. By moving beyond a simple blink and creating complex sequences, you learn about Arrays, For Loops, and Variable Timing.

In this guide, we will connect 10 LEDs to an Arduino and program 10 different visual patterns—ranging from a simple "Running Light" to a "Siren" effect.



Required Hardware

  • Arduino Uno (or Nano)
  • 10x LEDs (Any color)
  • Breadboard & Jumper Wires

Circuit Connection

Connect the 10 LEDs to Digital Pins 2 through 11 on your Arduino.

  • Anode (+): Connect to the Digital Pin 2 - 11.
  • Cathode (-): Connect all short legs to the common GND rail.


The Code: 10 Patterns in One Sketch

This code uses a switch-case structure or separate functions to cycle through different patterns. You can change the currentPattern variable to see different results.


CODE

#define delay50 100
int myled[] = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11};
int num_of_leds;
void setup(){
 num_of_leds = sizeof(myled) / sizeof(int);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds; i++) {
    pinMode(myled[i], OUTPUT);
  }
}
void loop() {
  delay(50);
  ledonn();
  delay(50);
  ledoff();
  delay(50);
  ledonn();
  delay(50);
  ledoff();
  delay(50);
  ledonn();
  delay(50);
  ledoff();
  delay(500);
  
  ledonn();
  delay(50);
  ledoff();
  delay(50);
  ledonn();
  delay(50);
  ledoff();
  delay(50);
  ledonn();
  delay(50);
  ledoff();
  delay(50);
  ledonn();
  delay(50);
  ledoff();
  delay(50);
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {pattern1();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {pattern2();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {pattern3();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {pattern4();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++){pattern5();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {pattern6();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++){pattern7();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++){pattern8();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {pattern9();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {pattern10();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++){pattern11();}
  for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++){pattern12();}
  ledoff();
  delay(5000);
}
//TURN ON ALL LEDs
void ledonn() {
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds; i++) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
  }
}
//TURN OFF ALL LEDs
void ledoff() {
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds; i++) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], LOW);
  }
}
//LEFT TO RIGHT
void pattern1() {
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds; i++) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
    delay(delay50);
    digitalWrite(myled[i], LOW);
  }
}
//RIGHT TO LEFT
void pattern2() {
  for (int i = num_of_leds; i > 0; i--) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i - 1], HIGH);
    delay(delay50);
    digitalWrite(myled[i - 1], LOW);
  }
}
//LEFT TO RIGHT FILL
void pattern3() {
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds; i++) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
    delay(delay50);
  }
  for (int i = num_of_leds; i > 0; i--) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i - 1], LOW);
    delay(delay50);
  }
}
//RIGHT TO LEFT FILL
void pattern4() {
  ledonn();
  delay(delay50);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds; i++) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], LOW);
    delay(delay50);
  }
  for (int i = num_of_leds; i > 0; i--) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i - 1], HIGH);
    delay(delay50);
  }
  ledoff();
}
//ALTERNATE LEDs
void pattern5() {
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds; i = i + 2) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
    digitalWrite(myled[i + 1], LOW);
  }
  delay(delay50);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds; i = i + 2) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], LOW);
    digitalWrite(myled[i + 1], HIGH);
  }
  delay(delay50);
}
//OSCILLATING LEDs
void pattern6() {   //osc
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds; i++) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
    delay(delay50);
    digitalWrite(myled[i], LOW);
  }
  delay(delay50);
  for (int i = num_of_leds; i > 0; i--) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i - 1], HIGH);
    delay(delay50);
    digitalWrite(myled[i - 1], LOW);
  }
}
//INSIDE
void pattern7() {
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds / 2; i++) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
    digitalWrite(myled[num_of_leds - 1 - i], HIGH);
    delay(delay50);
    digitalWrite(myled[i], LOW);
    digitalWrite(myled[num_of_leds - 1 - i], LOW);
  }
}
//OUTSIDE
void pattern8() 
{
  for (int i = (num_of_leds / 2) - 1; i >= 0 ; i--)
  {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
    digitalWrite(myled[num_of_leds - 1 - i], HIGH);
    delay(delay50);
    digitalWrite(myled[i], LOW);
    digitalWrite(myled[num_of_leds - 1 - i], LOW);
  }
}
//LEFT TO RIGHT 3 LEDs
void pattern9() {
  for (int i = 0; i < num_of_leds + 3; i++) {
    if (i <= num_of_leds) {
      digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
    }
    if (i > 2) {
      digitalWrite(myled[i - 3], LOW);
    }
    delay(delay50);
  }
}
//OSCILLATING 3 LEDs
void pattern10() {
  for (int i = 2; i < num_of_leds; i++) {
    if (i == 2) {
      digitalWrite(myled[0], HIGH);
      digitalWrite(myled[1], HIGH);
    }
    digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
    digitalWrite(myled[i - 3], LOW);
    delay(delay50);
  }
  for (int i = num_of_leds - 4; i > -1; i--) {
    digitalWrite(myled[i], HIGH);
    digitalWrite(myled[i + 3], LOW);
    delay(delay50);
  }
}
//RANDOM EFFECT 1
void pattern11() {
  int randomnum = random(0, num_of_leds + 1);
  digitalWrite(myled[randomnum], HIGH);
  delay(delay50);
  digitalWrite(myled[randomnum], LOW);
  delay(delay50);
}
//RANDOM EFFECT 2
void pattern12() {
  int randomonn = random(0, num_of_leds + 1);
  int randomoff = random(0, num_of_leds + 1);
  digitalWrite(myled[randomonn], HIGH);
  digitalWrite(myled[randomoff], LOW);
  delay(delay50);
}


Troubleshooting Tips

  • One LED is not lighting up: Check the polarity. The long leg must face the Arduino pin. Also, ensure the resistor is firmly plugged into the breadboard.
  • Pattern is too fast: Increase the value in the delay() function (e.g., from 100 to 500).
  • Arduino gets hot: Never connect an LED without a resistor! The resistor limits the current; without it, you can burn out the Arduino’s digital pins.


Conclusion

Mastering these 10 patterns gives you a solid understanding of how to control multiple outputs simultaneously. This logic is the foundation for building LED cubes, scrolling displays, and complex robotics!

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